Before the Nation: Kokugaku and the Imagining of Community in Early Modern Japan, by Susan L. Asia-Pacific series. A Weatherhead Study of the East Asian Institute, Columbia University. Durham, North Carolina, Duke University Press, 2003. $84.95 US (cloth), $23.95 US (paper).
Kokugaku (Kyūjitai: 國學/Shinjitai: 国学; lit. National study) was a National revival, or, school of Japanesephilology and philosophy originating during the Tokugawa period. Kokugaku scholars worked to refocus Japanese scholarship away from the then-dominant study of Chinese, Confucian, and Buddhist texts in favor of research into the early Japanese classics.[1]
What later became known as the kokugaku tradition began in the 17th and 18th centuries as kogaku ('ancient studies'), wagaku ('Japanese studies') or inishie manabi, a term favoured by Motoori Norinaga and his school. Drawing heavily from Shinto and Japan's ancient literature, the school looked back to a perceived golden age of Japanese culture and society. They drew upon ancient Japanese poetry, predating the rise of the feudal orders (in the mid 12th century) and other cultural achievements to show the 'emotion' of Japan. One famous 'emotion' appealed to by the kokugakusha is 'mono no aware'.
The word 'Kokugaku', coined to distinguish this school from kangaku (Chinese studies), was popularized by Hirata Atsutane in the 19th century. It has been translated as 'Native Studies' and represented a response to SinocentricNeo-Confucian theories. Kokugaku scholars criticized the repressive moralizing of Confucian thinkers, and tried to re-establish Japanese culture before the influx of foreign modes of thought and behaviour.
Eventually kokugaku thinkers succeeded in gaining power and influence in Japanese society. Later, their thought influenced the Sonnō jōi philosophy and movement. It was this philosophy, amongst other things, that led to the eventual collapse of the Tokugawa in 1868 and the subsequent Meiji Restoration. In addition state Shinto and state socialism developed from kokugaku thought and thus indirectly led to Japan's imperialist expansion throughout the late nineteenth and early to mid twentieth centuries.
According to David Margarey Earl, the Kokugaku held that the Japanese national character was naturally pure, and would reveal its splendour once the foreign (Chinese) influences were removed. The 'Chinese heart' was different from the 'true heart' or 'Japanese Heart'. This true Japanese spirit needed to be revealed by removing a thousand years of negative Chinese learning.[2]
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Kokugaku — (jap. 国学, dt. „nationale Studien; nationale Schule; Landesschule“) war eine ethnozentrische, literarisch philologische und philosophische Schule in Japan zum Studium der klassischen japanischen Literatur, die im späten 18. Jahrhundert entstand.… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Kokugaku — (Kyūjitai: 國學 Shinjitai: 国学; lit. Estudio nacional de japanología) fue una corriente intelectual que rechazaba el estudio de los textos budistas y chinos y favorecía la investigación filolófica de los clásicos japoneses. La palabra Kokugaku se ha … Wikipedia Español
Kokugaku — [japanisch »Schule unseres Landes«], im späten 17. Jahrhundert entstandene Schule der japanischen Philosophie, die im Rahmen einer Rückbesinnung auf eigentümlich japanischen Denkformen (den Shintō) einen bedeutenden Beitrag für die Formierung… … Universal-Lexikon
Kokugaku — Le Kokugaku (Kyūjitai : 國學 /Shinjitai : 国学 ; études nationales) était une école de philologie et philosophie japonaise apparaissant au cours de la période Tokugawa. Les disciples du Kokugaku travaillaient à refocaliser l éducation… … Wikipédia en Français
Kokugaku-in — Die Kokugaku in (jap. 國學院大學, vollständiger Name: Kokugaku in Daigaku, international auch bekannt als Kokugakuin University) ist eine private japanische Universität mit Standorten in Shibuya, Tokio und in Tama Plaza, Aoba ku, Yokohama. Es bestehen … Deutsch Wikipedia
Animes All Stars uses characters created with sprites from Jump Ultimate Stars (JUS) and other works modeled on this style. Yes, it's look hillarious and you can see such scenes in many Mugen games - but not here. Thanks to this, the whole game is consistent and provides even more fun.Just like in almost every game based on Mugen engine, you can play in a variety of modes, from standard Arcade or VS to numerous 2-versus-2 challenges or 1-versus-2 if you're a really hardcore player. Each of the game modes will test your fighting skills and experience.
Kokugaku — National Learning . Initially in the seventeenth century a form of scholarly textual study which focused on Japanese sources with a view to identifying specifically Japanese modes of thought and expression in contrast to Kangaku (Chinese,… … A Popular Dictionary of Shinto
Kokugaku — ▪ Japanese studies movement (Japanese: “National Learning”), movement in late 17th and 18th century Japan that emphasized Japanese classical studies. The movement received impetus from the Neo Confucianists, who stressed the importance of… … Universalium
Shinbutsu bunri — El término Shinbutsu bunri (神仏分離, Shinbutsu bunri ?) indica la prohibición en Japón de fusionar el sintoísmo del budismo, y el esfuerzo de crear una división clara entre el sintoísmo y el budismo por un lado, y de los templos budistas y… … Wikipedia Español
Nihonjinron — Cultural map of the world according to the World Values Survey, describing Japan as highest in the world in Rational Secular Values , and average high in Self Expression Values . The term Nihonjinron (日本人論 … Wikipedia
She, along with most of your party members, are connected to various dragons and they use their musical instrument weapons to play songs that summon them on-command. Shining resonance refrain characters. Except for Yuma - he essentially becomes the Shining Dragon itself.You’ll end up doing a lot of grinding in Shining Resonance Refrain due to how frequent bizarre difficult spikes occur.
Motoori Norinaga — Self portrait by Motoori Born 21 June 1730 Died 5 November 1801 Matsuzaka … Wikipedia